Suchergebnisse

The author of the article set itself the task of analyzing the works of Russian politician and statesman of Vladimir Lenin (Ulyanov), signed legislation on national policies, summing up the results of the latest scientific papers of foreign and Ukrainian historians, describe the personal attitude of the Bolshevik leader to "the Jewish Question". The analysis concluded that Lenin, who never indulged in specifically study the "Jewish Question", as the leader of the political party from time to time was interested in this subject, and in many of its aspects: from the point of view of the development of the Jewish labour movement and its relationship to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party; pogroms as a new phenomenon of autocracy and combating this phenomenon; the role of Jews in the revolutionary movement; combating anti-Semitism, pogroms during the civil war and in the early years of Soviet power. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin defined his attitude to Jews with political and class view, attaching particular importance to the transition of a growing number of Jewish intellectuals and the working class on the side of the Soviets. Lenin's position on the "Jewish Question" was formed in the ideological and organizational struggle with the Bund. The Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars was a principled opponent of national cultural autonomy, which had hoped the Jewish population of the State. Lenin does not think that Jews is separate people and seen "progressive" future for them only in gradual assimilation. His personal position on the "Jewish Question" largely determined the Soviet policy towards Jews, but in real life it underwent significant changes. Thus, the thesis of the Bolshevik leader on equality of all Nations in the Soviet State and recognition of the benefits of one of the Nations inadmissible and unconstitutional, was a tactical and temporary, to some extent, favoured the development of a Jewish national culture and national consciousness in Yiddish. In practice, however, policy of persecution of the Zionists, the struggle against the Jewish religion and traditions, Hebrew as the language of the bourgeois was made with the support of Lenin. It was leading to almost complete annihilation of the Jewish national culture in the USSR. ; На основі аналізу творів російського політичного і державного діяча, першого керівника радянської держави В. І. Леніна (Ульянова) досліджується його ставлення до єврейського народу та пропозиції щодо вирішення «єврейського питання». В роботі висвітлюється негативне ставлення В. І. Леніна до антисемітизму і погромного руху проти євреїв, розкривається полеміка лідера більшовиків із діячами Загального єврейського робітничого союзу у Литві, Польщі, Росії (Бунду), викладені основні положення теорії національного рівноправ'я та розвитку єврейської культури. Дана оцінка особистого бачення В. І. Леніним вирішення «єврейського питання» шляхом асиміляції.

The article is investigating historiografical picture of Soviet and Ukrainian Motherland scientific literature about each day history by Jews in Soviet Ukraine during interwar period. Publications by party activisters, historians, demographers, sociologists were analyzed about national politics by Bolsheviks and «Jewish Question». Publications about problems of shtetles and question of anti-Semitism were analyzed in this article. Author did results that Motherland' historiography about our problem has some periods: 1920-s–beginning of 1930-s years; from 1933 year – till the middle of 1980-s years; the second half of 1980-s years – till modern time. Historiography about decided of «Jewish Question» in interwar period is not so different. The biggest publications in Soviet times were in the period of 1920–1930-s years, because were discussions in this period by Soviet Jewish intellectuals. Till the middle of 1930-s years the process of investigation was slow. National minorities and Jews like object of investigation of historical thought were not analyzed. Questions of each day life of Jews were not investigated in Soviet Ukraine. In 1960–1980-s years Jews was investigated like a part of history of Soviet people. New period of investigating problem was formed in 1980 – 1990-s years. This period was different of another by methods and objective analyzing. Investigating of Judaica were beginning in the end of 1980-s. This investigation was done by modern Ukrainian scientists, but problem of each day life of Jews in Soviet Ukraine in 1920 – 1930-s years is waiting of there investigators. ; У роботі аналізується радянська та сучасна українська історіографія історії повсякденного життя єврейського населення Радянської України у міжвоєнну добу. Досліджуються різні концепції щодо методів, процесу втілення у життя і результатів коренізаційної політики, радянізації національних меншин УСРР взагалі та єврейської зокрема, відображення цих результатів у щоденному житті етнічної громади.

The paper analyzes the impact of fiscal rules on the cyclicality of non- interest public spending. It is concluded that for both developed and developing countries for 1995—2019 non-interest public spending is procyclical, and having at least one fiscal rule at the national level reduces the procyclicality of spending. The reaction to the introduction of a fiscal rule depends on the existence of institutional conditions for its successful application. The presence and rigidity of the rules are offset by the possible non-compliance with them. Fiscal rules are not a sufficient condition for a counter-cyclical fiscal policy and do not guarantee a solution to the problems of debt burden and stabilization of expenditures. Hardly 22 out of 49 countries that have applied at least one fiscal rule for 5 years and for which data for at least 10 years of non-interest spending are available show counter-cyclical non-interest spending behavior, and only 7 of them managed to reduce their debt burden after the introduction of a system of fiscal restrictions.